ls (list), cd (change directory), mkdir (create directory), mv (move/rename), rm (delete).

Run chmod +x script.sh to grant execution permissions. Run the script: Execute with ./script.sh . 6. Best Practices for Shell Programming

grep (search), sed (stream editor), awk (data manipulation), cat (view content), cut , sort .

Quote variables to prevent issues with spaces, e.g., "$variable" .