Religion is viewed as a necessary tool for social stability. It provides a supernatural sanction for moral codes that would otherwise be difficult to enforce among the masses. The Durants note that even when "heaven" is replaced by "utopia," the social function remains the same.
The authors argue that history is a biological process. We are subject to the same laws as other organisms: The Lessons of History
"The Lessons of History" (1968) is a concise survey of human history by Will and Ariel Durant. Distilled from their 11-volume The Story of Civilization , the book identifies recurring patterns in human behavior across 5,000 years. Religion is viewed as a necessary tool for social stability
Life is a struggle for resources. Peace is only a temporary unstable equilibrium. The authors argue that history is a biological process
Wealth concentration is inevitable in any society because of the natural inequality of human ability. The Durants observe that history follows a cycle: Wealth concentrates until it becomes untenable.
Democracy is a relatively recent and fragile experiment. The authors suggest that it requires a high level of education and economic security to function. They warn that liberty and equality are "born enemies"—as liberty increases, so does inequality; to enforce equality, liberty must be sacrificed.
Nature favors those better equipped to survive; inequality is a natural byproduct of diversity in ability.