: The Umayyad Dynasty (661–750 CE) implemented a broad program of Arabization, making Arabic the official language of administration and creating a unified currency.
: The unified empire acted as a bridge between East and West, preserving ancient Greek and Persian knowledge while introducing innovations like paper and Indian numerals (now called Arabic numerals) to Europe. A New Global Order The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Isl...
Unlike many nomadic invasions, the Arab conquests were followed by a lasting cultural and linguistic integration that defines the modern Middle East and North Africa. : The Umayyad Dynasty (661–750 CE) implemented a