Death resulted from a combination of factors, primarily asphyxiation (suffocation) as the body's weight made breathing increasingly difficult, as well as hypovolemic shock, dehydration, and organ failure.
It was reserved for the most "disgraceful" individuals, including rebellious slaves, pirates, traitors, and non-citizens. The Crucifixion
Victims were often first scourged (flogged) and then forced to carry the crossbeam ( patibulum ) to the execution site. Death resulted from a combination of factors, primarily