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Semantically, prepositions are . Substituting one for another can fundamentally change a sentence's intent (e.g., "the book on the table" vs. " under the table").

: PPs often cause "attachment" issues. In the phrase "joined the board as a voting member," syntax determines whether "as a voting member" describes the joining (verb attachment) or the board (noun attachment).

: In many languages, prepositions like "of" or "to" are purely syntactic markers required to assign "case" to a noun, even if they don't add new meaning.