To crush the Senussi resistance, the Italians created concentration camps in the Cyrenaica desert. Nearly 100,000 people were interned; roughly half died from starvation and disease.
The (secret police) and the Special Tribunal for the Defense of the State ensured that any spark of resistance was extinguished. Thousands of political opponents were sent to Confino —internal exile on remote, desolate islands like Lipari or Ponza—where they lived in isolation and squalor for years. OkraЕ›Д‡ Mussoliniego
During the 1935 invasion, Mussolini personally authorized the use of mustard gas and other chemical weapons against both soldiers and civilians, a direct violation of the Geneva Protocol. Following an assassination attempt on Viceroy Graziani in 1937, Italian troops carried out the Yekatit 12 massacre , killing thousands of Ethiopians in Addis Ababa over three days. 3. The Racial Laws of 1938 To crush the Senussi resistance, the Italians created
While Mussolini often presented a milder face in Europe, his colonial campaigns were defined by extreme brutality: Thousands of political opponents were sent to Confino