Quiroga Fern...: Miguel Primo De Rivera Alejandro

: His policies emphasized "patriotic virility," grounding citizenship in duties and military-style discipline rather than rights.

: Quiroga argues that Primo de Rivera was a pioneer of right-wing populism in Spain. He utilized a sophisticated propaganda machine to spread "fake news" and vilify liberal elites, judges, and traditional politicians as enemies of the people. Miguel Primo De Rivera Alejandro Quiroga Fern...

: Ironically, the aggressive attempt to impose a monarchic and Catholic identity fueled the rise of regional nationalisms (Basque and Catalan) and secular republicanism, ultimately paving the way for the Second Spanish Republic. : Ironically, the aggressive attempt to impose a

: Far from a temporary "interregnum," the dictatorship established the symbols, rituals, and National-Catholic myths that would later form the ideological foundation of the Francisco Franco regime. " the dictatorship established the symbols

Quiroga identifies several defining characteristics of Primo de Rivera's regime (1923–1930) that fundamentally reshaped Spain: