: Post-colonial and gender-based studies challenge the "Eurocentric" history of the field and highlight the security needs of the Global South. ORIGINS, DEVELOPMENT AND CONTENDING APPROACHES
Since the 1990s, scholars have expanded the definition of security beyond military force, a process often called "widening" (new sectors) and "deepening" (new levels).
International Security Studies (ISS) is a major sub-field of International Relations that focuses on organized violence, military conflict, and the protection of states and individuals. A review of this field covers its transition from traditional Cold War-era military strategies to modern, "widened" concerns like human and environmental security. 1. Traditional Foundations International and Security Studies Internationa...
: Core topics included nuclear deterrence, bipolarity, and conventional military threats.
: Research now includes economic stability, energy security, and environmental threats like climate change. A review of this field covers its transition
: The focus has shifted toward protecting individuals from hunger, disease, and repression, rather than just protecting borders.
Historically, the field was dominated by during the Cold War. : Research now includes economic stability, energy security,
: Research primarily centered on the state as the main actor and the preservation of national sovereignty.