Humping is primarily driven by fluid dynamics and thermal instabilities within the molten pool:
High scanning speeds create a swelling with a large contact angle due to the competition between flow inertia (driving metal backward) and surface tension (resisting deformation). humping
In the context of industrial manufacturing, is a specific surface defect where periodic, bead-like protuberances (humps) form along a weld seam or a 3D-printed track. This occurs when high-speed processes, such as laser powder bed fusion or arc welding, exceed certain velocity and power thresholds. How Humping Develops Humping is primarily driven by fluid dynamics and