(e.g., Ancient Greece, the Enlightenment, 20th century)
Before "physics" was a formal word, it was natural philosophy. The goal was to find the "why" behind the physical world. History and Evolution of Concepts in Physics
James Clerk Maxwell unified electricity and magnetism into one field, predicting that light is an electromagnetic wave. The Modern Shake-up: Relativity and Quanta History and Evolution of Concepts in Physics
If you knew the position of every particle, you could predict the future. The Energy Revolution: Thermodynamics History and Evolution of Concepts in Physics
I can provide a detailed breakdown or a list of book recommendations for any of these areas.