A shift from the Medieval Warm Period to the "Little Ice Age" led to the Great Famine of 1315–1317, causing massive mortality even before the plague struck.
The massive population loss from the plague led to a "scarcity of labor," which fundamentally altered European society. Europe in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centurie...
New political structures emerged as the secularization of politics began and the "absolute authority" of the Roman Catholic Church faced challenges. A shift from the Medieval Warm Period to
By the late 15th century, Europe entered a phase of recovery, laying the groundwork for the "European miracle". By the late 15th century, Europe entered a
This pandemic claimed approximately 25 million lives, wiping out nearly one-third of the European population.
The boundaries between social classes became more fluid as the nobility began to define itself through lineage rather than just military function. 4. The 15th Century: Recovery and Exploration