Eliminating tailpipe emissions in urban centers. 2. Classification of Technologies
This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of and Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs) as of April 2026. Abstract Electric and Hybrid Cars
Governments worldwide are mandating the phase-out of new ICE vehicles by 2030–2040. Energy Security: Reducing dependence on imported oil. Eliminating tailpipe emissions in urban centers
Traditional fossil-fuel vehicles are being phased out in favor of sustainable alternatives. As of 2026, global EV ownership has reached approximately , representing 30% year-over-year growth. This shift is propelled by: As of 2026, global EV ownership has reached
(PDF) Overview of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles - ResearchGate
Current vehicle electrification is categorized into four primary types: Power Source Charging Method Full Electric Mode? (Battery Electric) 100% Battery Yes (Only mode) PHEV (Plug-in Hybrid) Engine + Battery Plug-in & Gasoline Yes (Limited range) HEV (Hybrid Electric) Engine + Battery Gasoline & Braking Limited (Low speeds) MHEV (Mild Hybrid) Engine + Small Motor Regenerative Braking No (Assistance only) Sources:
The automotive industry is undergoing its most significant transformation since the invention of the internal combustion engine (ICE). Driven by climate change goals and technological breakthroughs, electric and hybrid cars have shifted from niche concepts to market dominators. This paper examines their technological architectures, environmental impacts, and the economic shifts projected for the 2026–2035 timeframe.